Research Blog #10

Abstract: My research paper discusses the unfair rules and regulations surrounding the NCAA, highlighting amateurism as a big problem. College sports generate millions of dollars annually. Due to the rules of amateurism within the NCAA, college athletes aren’t allowed to receive any compensation or extra benefits for their participation. The NCAA’s rules overall are misleading and unfair. They state that student athletes are students first, athletes second when really they are treated much differently. Student athletes are often celebrities on campuses and represent great value on a national stage. As more and more NCAA infractions continue to occur, the system is in clear need of some sort of change among the rules.

Bibliography

"Amateurism." jcoram. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.ncaa.org/amateurism>.

Berkowitz, Steve. "NCAA has net assets of $627 million, say records." USA Today. Gannett, 20

Mar. 2014. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/college/2014/03/20/ncaa-expenses-revenue-money-mark-emmert/6651133/>.

Bromberg, Nick . "Northwestern players win union case against school as NLRB rules players

are employees." Yahoo Sports. N.p., 26 Mar. 2014. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/ncaaf-dr-saturday/northwestern-players-reportedly-win-union-case-against-school--which-will-appeal-decision-192545725.html>.

Daugherty, Daugherty. "College athletes already have advantages and shouldn't be paid." - Paul

Daugherty. N.p., 20 Jan. 2012. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/writers/paul_daugherty/01/20/no.pay/index.html#ixzz30b4qHK9J>

Gaines, Cork. "These 20 Programs Are The Biggest Money Makers In College

Sports."Business Insider. Inside Business Insider, Inc, 4 Jan. 2012. Web. 4 May 2014.

<http://www.businessinsider.com/these-20-college-sports-programs-are-the-biggest-moneymakers-2012-1?op=1>.

Gouveia, Gordon. "Making a Mountain out of a Mogul: Jeremy Bloom v. NCAA and Unjustified

Denial of Compensation under NCAA Amateurism ." Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment Law & Practice: 23. Print.

Jessop, Alicia. "The Economics of College Football: A Look At The Top-25 Teams' Revenues

And Expenses." . N.p., 31 Aug. 2013. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/tomvanriper/2014/03/20/march-madness-ratings-and-revenue-keep -reaching-new-heights/http://www.forbes.com/sites/aliciajessop/2013/08/31/the-economics-of-college-football-a-look-at-the-top-25-teams-revenues-and-expenses/>.

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Lavigne, Paula. "College sports thrive amid downturn." ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures, 1 May        

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<http://espn.go.com/espn/otl/story/_/id/10851446/sports-programs-nation-top-public-colleges-thrived-economic-downturn-earning-record-revenues>.

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<http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/susan-milligan/2014/04/10/unpaid-internships-nc aa-athletes-and-modern-day-exploitation>.

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<http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/draftday/rules.jsp>.

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2014.<http://www.ncaa.com/news/ncaa/article/2011-10-25/ncaa-grad-rates-hit-all-time-high>.

Ncpanow.org "Study: "The Price of Poverty in Big Time College Sport"." Research. N.p., n.d.

Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.ncpanow.org/research/study-the-price-of-poverty-in-big-time-college-sport>.

Ncsasports.org "Athletic Scholarship Statistics." NCSA. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2014.

<http://www.ncsasports.org/how-do-you-get-recruited/athletic-recruiting/athletic-scholarship-statistics>.

Porter, David. "Lawsuit calls NCAA 'unlawful cartel'." Yahoo Sports. N.p., 17 Mar. 2014. Web. 1

May 2014. <http://sports.yahoo.com/news/lawsuit-seeks-end-ncaas-unlawful-175448180--ncaaf.html>.

Press, Release. "Athletic Departments in Most NCAA Division I Public Colleges Spend Three to

Six Times More Per Athlete Than Their Institutions Spend to Educate Each Student."American Institutes for Research. N.p., 16 Jan. 2013. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.air.org/news/press-release/athletic-departments-most-ncaa-division-i-public-colleges-spend-three-six-times>.

Sheehy, Kelsey. "10 Schools With the Highest 4-Year Graduation Rates." US News. U.S.News &

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Shropshire, Kenneth L., and Timothy Davis. The business of sports agents. Philadelphia:

University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. Print.

Thomas Jr., Robert. "The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia." . N.p.,

1 Mar. 1985. Web. 1 May 2014.

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USA Today Sports. "NCAA council votes to give student-athletes unlimited meals, snacks." USA

Today. Gannett, 15 Apr. 2014. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/college/2014/04/15/ncaa-legislative-council-meals-student-athletes/7750413/>.

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Young, David C.. A brief history of the Olympic games. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2004.        

Van Riper, Tom. "March Madness Ratings And Revenue Keep Reaching New Heights." . N.p.,

20 Mar. 2014. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/tomvanriper/2014/03/20/march-madness-ratings-and-revenue- keep-reaching-new-heights/>.

Lit Review #5

Shropshire, Kenneth L., and Timothy Davis. The business of sports agents. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. Print.

This books discusses the definitions and ideas of amateurism. It elaborates on the meaning of amateurism in the NCAA's eyes while also establishing the traditional idea of what an amateur athlete represents. 

"Shropshire serves as Special Counsel at the global law firm Duane Morris LLP,working primarily on sports related matters.  Shropshire’s blend of legal and business consulting clients include the National Football League and Major League Baseball."

Key terms include amateurism and "NCAA's vision on Amateurism". Amateurism is the idea of someone playing a sport without compensation and only out of joy and love. NCAA is defined as the organization that runs college athletics and their idea of amateurism is much more strict and serious.

"Ironically, if these student athletes cannot find time to earn money from working within the framework of NCAA rules, they are forced to ask their families for extra money in order to pay for things that range from clothes, to expenses for a date, to a stereo system like the one possessed by the student in the dorm room ext door," (Shropshire 118)

"By the early twentieth century, there was probably no college in America which was able to preserve amateurism in men's sport, as competition for money and non-money prizes, contests against professionals, collection of gate receipts..." (Shropshire 122)

"The societal desire to retain the oldest forms of amateurism is one of the strongest impediments to cleaning up the sports agent business," (Shropshire 127).

This literary source helps to elaborate on my research involving amateurism. I want to discuss the origins of amateurism dating back to when it was originally involved in the NCAA and point out how times are changing.

Research Blog #9 Counterargument

I believe that the title of a student athlete being known as an "amateur athlete" needs to be changed. Maybe there was once a time where that label made sense, but in today's world there's nothing amateur about the results of student athletes. The system needs to be altered and fixed so that student athletes can be treated fairly. Many people have similar views as me, however there are still a large amount of supporters in favor of the way things are now.

The definition of an amateur student athlete is a student first, athlete second (NCAA.org). The NCAA makes it seem like the academic part of being a student athlete is the most important, however statistics disagree. "(The median athletic spending for institutions competing in the top tier FBS) was 92,000 per athlete in 2010 while the median academic spending per full-time student was less than 14,000," (American Institutes for Research). Clearly these universities are spending the most money on what they believe to be the most important. With all the money generated by these student athletes it's of no surprise they are treated differently from all the other students. Student athletes are a separate class from students.

Research Blog #8 Interview

I interviewed my former high school soccer goalie. He's now the starting goalie for the Rutgers team in only his freshman season. Since my paper pertains to student athletes, I figured it would be most beneficial to interview my friend to ask him about the schedule and commitment that comes with being a Division I athlete. As expected I learned that his dedication to the team is a year round process. In season, they practice everyday with a few games per week along with required study hall sessions after practices. The offseason consists of conditioning and fitness just about everyday.

The commitment of a student athlete is very time consuming. Between practice, games, weight room visits, and school work there's not much time for leisure, let alone maintaining a job. This interview will only help my case that student athletes simply don't have enough time to make money on their own.

Quotes
"Practices are almost everyday (in season)."

"In season, things get hectic due to the traveling."

"Last year we traveled a bunch of times. If it's far we fly out."

"After practices are classes and we are required to do study hall."

"In the off season is a lot of fitness and conditioning, we only play 5 games and practices are in the morning and classes after."

Research Blog #7 My Case

I believe the system the NCAA needs to be completely changed. College Athletes should not be considered amateurs, and should be allowed to receive money if they rightfully earned it. I don't believe that college athletes should necessarily be paid by the school, but instead they should have the right to use their value to sign endorsement deals, autographs, accept benefits from agents, and others. Recently, the football players at Northwestern University have voted to unionized. This ultimately means that the Northwestern football players are now considered employers of the school. Though they still are under NCAA rules and will not be allowed to accept money or any extra benefits, it's a monumental step towards a much different future in college athletics. The player's frustration with their rights is a serious issue in my paper. They've had enough and are finally starting to stand up against the NCAA and it's unfair treatment of the student athletes. If there's any chance of change in the future, it has to start with the players and this is a scenario where the football players of Northwestern have made some noise.

Research Blog #6

This image is responsible for the foundation of my paper. It displays the increase in revenue each of these 10 big division 1 schools brought in from 2000-2001 through the 2011-12. As evident through the graph, in just a decade, the revenue by each of these schools has increase. Ohio state went from generating around 250 million to over 600 million in just a decade. This demonstrates the millions of dollars that the top schools generate and provides evidence that these schools will continue to rack in the cash. Ultimately, these top division 1 schools will keep making loads of money all because of their student athletes.

Literature Review #4

Porter, David. "Lawsuit seeks to end NCAA's 'unlawful cartel' ." sports.yahoo.com. N.p., 17 Mar 2014. Web. 25 Mar 2014.

This article brings my research paper topic to life. It elaborates on a lawsuit against the NCAA claiming the organization is an "unlawful cartel" making loads of money off collegiate players without paying anything to athletes specifically within the 5 major college conferences. The artcile highlights 4 plaintiffs, all descent college athletes with minimal to no chances of making it professionally, and their pursuit to recieve justice in their eyes.

David Porter is a writer for the Associated Press out of Newark, New Jersey

(2 concepts and ideas from the article)
"The suit also seeks an injunction to stop the NCAA from prohibiting any of its member institutions from negotiating to give or providing compensation to football and basketball players and rejected the argument that the current rules ensure competitive balance."

"And Northwestern University football players are trying to form what would be the first college athletes' union in U.S. history. Attorneys have said the regimented structure of football at the school essentially makes it a business, and the relationship between the school and the players is that of an employer to employees." 

Quotes
"In addition to the NCAA, the lawsuit targets the Southeastern Conference, Atlantic Coast Conference, Pac-12, Big Ten and Big 12, and seeks monetary damages as well as a declaration that the defendants' practices violate federal antitrust laws."

"'This class action is necessary to end the NCAA's unlawful cartel, which is inconsistent with the most fundamental principles of antitrust law.''

"Former UCLA basketball player Ed O'Bannon has led a long-running legal battle against the NCAA over, among other things, the unauthorized use of college athletes' likenesses in video games."

Everything I'm trying to touch upon in my research paper is highlighted through this real life scenario. College athletes are taking action in this situation. My research question deals with student athletes at the college level and their unfair situation which is vehemntly discussed through the lawsuit against the NCAA in this article. This article will only help my case, as I will be able to show college athletes taking a stance towards what's right while reconizing their poor treatment.

Research Blog #5

Byers, Walter. Unsportsmanlike Conduct: Exploiting College Athletes. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1995. Print.

Cullen, Francis, Edward Latessa, and Cheryl Jonson. "Assessing the Extent and Sources of NCAA Rule Infractions." . Criminology and Public Policy, 22 Nov 2012. Web. 10 Mar 2014. <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2012.00840.x/>.

Gouveia, Gordon. "Making a Mountain Out of a Mogul." Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment Law & Practice. (2003): 22-34. Print.

Hurst, Thomas R. (2000) "Payment of Student-Athletes: Legal & (and) Practical Obstacles,"

Jeffrey S. Moorad Sports Law Journal: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Article 4. <http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/mslj/vol7/iss1/4>

Porter, David. "Lawsuit seeks to end NCAA's 'unlawful cartel' ." sports.yahoo.com. N.p., 17 Mar 2014. Web. 25 Mar 2014.

Remis, Rob, and Diane Sudia. "Escaping Athlete Agent Statutory Regulation: Loopholes and Constitutional Defectiveness Based on Tri-parte Classification of Athletes." Seton Hall Journal of Sport Law. 9. (1999): n. page. Web. 11 Mar. 2014.

Research Proposal

Topic: That status of a Student Athlete at the college level has always been surrounded by controversy for many years. Despite all the money these athletes generate for their universities, they are ultimately labeled with the title of amateurism preventing them from receiving any extra benefits whatsoever. The athletes are under extremely strict rules that specifically forbids them from talking to agents, signing any endorsement deals, or even something as small as throwing a birthday party and charging guests money to enter the venue. Ironically, all these student athletes are responsible for their universities earning millions of dollars from ticket sales, tv deals, team merchandise, and more, yet they are prohibited from touching any of it. A player cannot even sell a ring they personally won from a college football bowl game, or receive any cash from signing thousands of autographs for memorabilia stores. Despite all the rules, NCAA regulations aren’t treated with much respect due to the increasing amount of infractions that occur regularly on college campuses. Student athletes are constantly accepting extra benefits, talking to agents, and even involved in academic cheating rings. The behavior suggests that a change is needed within the system. It doesn’t take much thought to realize how unfair the NCAA can be towards its student athletes. In today’s society, it’s been stressed through the privatization of universities how money is becoming the centered issue around education. It’s the driving force towards a bright a better future. The players are unfairly not allowed to progress and adapt to these new changes. Universities are raising their tuition, so it makes no sense why student athletes cannot be allowed to earn extra money that they certainly deserve.

Research Question:

How does the NCAA’s treatment of college athletes unfairly depict them as amateur athletes even though they’re surrounded by professional results?

Should college athletes be considered amateurs? Even though they aren’t professional, their system still operates and generates money comparable to professional teams yet they don’t receive any money. Why can’t student athletes accept endorsement deals? Hire or even communicate to agents? Receive any benefits? These players bring in all the attention and buzz surrounding universities. Why not use some of the revenue to compensate top division I schools athletes with extra spending cash. Not only do some of the students desperately need the money, but it would only be fair considering they are unable to accept money from any other source. They drive the TV deals, create demand in school merchandise, generate ticket sales, and more, yet they are treated almost as the unpaid intern. College is suppose to transition young students into adults so why can’t they be treated like adults in college; be allowed to make their own decisions and receive money that they truly deserve and have earned? The strict rules of the NCAA seem to have minimal effects because players are continuing to be caught up with infractions. It doesn’t make sense to keep enforcing these rules when the players seem to have no respect for them because it’s unfair in their eyes.

Theoretical Frames:

I will be using statistical studies to show the lack of respect college athletes have for the NCAA’s unnecessary rules. Labeled as amateurs, student athletes have strict rules against receiving any additional benefits or even communicating with agents among other things. I’m going to detail in the paper how these rules are constantly broken and taken almost as a joke by these athletes. I will further provide statistics about the revenue's generated from various college athletic departments and highlight the amount of money coaches are paid. I want to show how much money is involved within NCAA and among college teams and how it’s ridiculous players cannot earn any.

Research Plan, Case or Additional Questions: Throughout the paper I want to highlight different aspects of the amateur vs student athlete debate. I want to first discuss and highlight all the money made from college sports. I’m gonna provide facts and statistics to show and explain how university's athletic departments are a business within themselves. This will further explain how college athletes are almost represented as the unpaid intern. Next I want to elaborate the amatuer status of these athletes among the business they’re involved with. Connecting those two points together, I want to cite specific examples of NCAA infractions where players tried to make some money off themselves, just like how their schools make money off of them (Reggie Bush, Terrell Pryor, Johnny Manziel examples). I want to continue citing infractions and statistics showing the lack of respect players have the rules. To end research I’m gonna include that this debate has been going on for years now and that change is certainly needed.

Sources:

Byers, Walter. Unsportsmanlike Conduct: Exploiting College Athletes. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1995. Print.

Cullen, Francis, Edward Latessa, and Cheryl Jonson. "Assessing the Extent and Sources of NCAA Rule Infractions." . Criminology and Public Policy, 22 Nov 2012. Web. 10 Mar 2014. <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2012.00840.x/>.

Gouveia, Gordon. "Making a Mountain Out of a Mogul." Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment Law & Practice. (2003): 22-34. Print.

Hurst, Thomas R. (2000) "Payment of Student-Athletes: Legal & (and) Practical Obstacles,"

Jeffrey S. Moorad Sports Law Journal: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Article 4. <http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/mslj/vol7/iss1/4>

Remis, Rob, and Diane Sudia. "Escaping Athlete Agent Statutory Regulation: Loopholes and Constitutional Defectiveness Based on Tri-parte Classification of Athletes." Seton Hall Journal of Sport Law. 9. (1999): n. page. Web. 11 Mar. 2014.

Literature Review Blog #3

Cullen, Francis, Edward Latessa, and Cheryl Jonson. "Assessing the Extent and Sources of NCAA Rule Infractions." . Criminology and Public Policy, 22 Nov 2012. Web. 10 Mar 2014. <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2012.00840.x/>.

This article highlights all the details surrounding student athlete infractions of NCAA rules. The authors mention several instances of past infractions; some of which don't even seem that bad on the student athlete's part. It further describes all the type of infractions, and elaborates on possible motives of the players for committing these illegal acts. 

All three authors who researched and wrote this article teach at universities. Two of them,  Francis Cullen and Edward Latessa have PhD's and teach at the University of Cincinnati.

Dillman's (1978) total design method—a survey methodology that typically secures high response rates

NCAA rule infractions—“cheating”—are widespread rests on a shaky empirical foundation

"On the other hand, 42.1% to 61.1% of the sample reported not having enough money for various activities during the school year, suggesting a measure of financial strain among the student-athletes." 

"Why should players not be able to sell their property—such as rings for bowl victories—for cash? If a coach is paid $3.5 million, then why should players not be able to profit from their labors?"

"To be sure, much plausible speculation now abounds as to why student-athletes break NCAA regulations: They are economically deprived, they do not believe in the morality of NCAA regulations, they are increasingly drawn from a society where deviance reigns, enforcement of regulations is lax, the emphasis on winning creates structural pressures for rule violations, and so on."

My research topic is exploring the idea that college athletes should be treated more maturely oppose to their amatuer label. That includes allowing these student athletes to accept benefits and additional compensation that they earn and deserve. This article highlights the mindset that sets apart these college athletes from their amateur state. As mentioned within the article, many athletes break the rules. The number of NCAA infractions over the past years specifically regarding illegal benefits has become very common. Athletes don't seem to have respect for the tight rules that the NCAA operates on. It's ultimately time for a change.

Literature Review #2

Schwarz, Andy. "Pay for Play-The truth behind the myths." sports.espn.go.com. N.p., 15 Jul 2011. Web. 4 Mar 2014.

The issue of playing college athletes has been always been controversial. With great reasons on both sides, this argument has brought upon massive debates Andy Schwarz goes in depth about the typical myths commonly associated with the idea of pay for play at universities. Schwarz further elaborates on the misconceptions of this issue while offering reasonable solutions.

Andy Schwarz is a consultant expert who specializes in antitrust, sports and entertainment, intellectual property, and banking and insurance issues. He's been involved in many sports controversies such as underlying the NFL’s defense in L.A. Raiders v. NFL. He's been featured on ESPN for analyzing economic issues in sports along with being published on the antitrust implications of antitrust by laws.

Title IX- does not require identical spending on men's and women's sports at universities. Women's sports are suppose to closely track the spending of men's sports.

Paying College Students- James Franco was a paid actor while at UCLA. Other english majors payed to work at the library

"But if each new dollar of spending were required to go equally to men and women, the system would function like a payroll or sales tax. Pay a QB $50,000? Then pay $50,000 to women's programs, too. This would keep salaries down but not eliminate them, just as cigarette taxes don't eliminate cigarette sales. And it would be a boon to women's sports as well."

"When players are paid, some schools will offer less than others. Teams spending more will get better talent, just like they do today."

"Forgoing pay does not turn football players into real college students. They are students for all of the non-football things they do: going to class, joining a study group, falling asleep in the library, etc."

My paper is going to deal with how it's unfair to not pay college athletes considering the surrounding circumstances due to privatization. Some players due to eligibility rules aren't allowed to enter the NFL or NBA draft until after a year or two in school meanwhile they might be ready for the professionals. If a player is capable of making money, why not let them go. Since they aren't allowed, I think all division I athletes should get some sort of compensation especially because they are responsible for millions on millions of dollars that universities generate. This article elaborates on the same issues I agree with towards paying college athletes. The author states points I believe in while exploring other ideas that I find intriguing. 

Literature Review #1

38 S. Tex. L. Rev. 1081 (1997)
Pay for Play for College Athletes: Now, More than Ever; Goplerud, C. Peter, III

Peter Goplerud explores a very controversial topic in regards to paying college athletes. The argument has been very heated over the past years. Many people believe that as student athletes, college players should not recieve any compensation and just be happy with their scholorships and degree. However, student athletes generate millions of dollars for their university and it's often hard to believe that they recieve none of it. Peter Goplerud offers a different perspective from most offering reasons why college athletes should be paid.

The author, Peter Goplerud, has extensive knowledge on sports and the law. He's currently the Dean of Law at Florida Coastal School of Law along with a professor. Previously he served as a the Dean of several other law schools like Drake and Oklahoma. Since 1997 he's been a member of the Sports Lawyers Association Board of Directors.

NCAA- voluntary, private association composed of over 800 colleges and universities

Extra Benefit- any special arrangement by an institutional employee or a representative of the institution's athletic interest to provide a student athlete or the student athlete's relative or friend a benefit not expressly authorized by NCAA legislation.
"Imagine a large group of employees in a company working long
hours, some of them far from home, going to school full-time, and
helping bring in millions of dollars to their employer. Does this sound
like a sweat shop making Reeboks or Kathy Lee Gifford clothing?" (p. 1081)

"The athletes are used, abused, and then thrown out, while the schools
make millions on television money, gate receipts, and sales of licensed
products, many directly tied to particular players" (p.1082)

"The NCAA has long been 'concerned that athletes are tempted to
accept gifts from boosters and sports agents because of financial hard-
ships created by the above restrictions." (p.1085)

This material highlights why it's unfair for student athlete's to not receive any compensation. Although there are many other factors as to why college athletes don't get paid, this piece of reading certainly exemplifies the reasons why they should. My topic is going to involve the mistreatment of college athletes and how they generate millions of dollars yet recieve none of it essentially.

Research Blog #3

I've officially decided to write about the controversy surrounding college athletes and compensation. I want to explore the arguments on both sides of whether college athletes should be paid while also touching up on several other issues. Privatization ultimately affects this issue first hand through the increased tuition. “The price of public higher education has been growing at twice the rate of the economy, twice as fast as health insurance, and three to four times more quickly than consumer prices in general” (Meister). Money is the motive behind this whole argument. As the universities are raising the tuition, schools are ultimately generating more money and expanding. Athletes at these universities come from all different kind of backgrounds. Some can afford the education through scholarship or their family's money, but others are less fortunate. The need for money among college athletes can sometimes be dire. Some players come from little to nothing and are relying on a professional career to supply compensation. Other's aren't good enough to make it on the professional level and must rely on their degree to land them a job. Either way, the privatization of universities has caused more money to be generated. The question remains on why some of that extra money cannot be put towards increased scholarships or even personal payments to the players.